Lewis Mumford (1895-1990)

Lewis Mumford had noted that

Heterogeneity

• The city came as a definite emergent in the Neolithic community (The New Stone Age 9000-3000 BCE). It required no mere increase in numbers. It is heterogeneity that led to the formation of the city—the miner, the woodman, the fisherman, each bringing with him the tools and skills and habits of life formed under other pressures. The engineer, the boatman, the sailor and other occupational groups ,the soldier, the banker, the merchant, the priest. Out of this complexity the city created a higher unity.


• It is not that kinship and family connections did not matter but vocational ability was considered to be the most important thing. So the question is what skill have you brought and not what tribe/caste do you belong to.