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                    |  | The metropolis came to represent the ethos  of industrial-capitalism where human life was intricately woven with the processes  of commercialization and commodification. How did the social thinkers look at the  processes and principles that guided urban life in the modern industrial  capitalist societies? Georg Simmel’s (1858-1918)  essay ‘The Metropolis and Mental Life’ has  been a classic exposition on this theme.
 
 Simmel was born  in Berlin and  lived in the downtown area. He had a doctorate degree from Berlin University in  Philosophy but failed to obtain a permanent job until the last four years of his  life because of his Jewish origin and intellectual radicalism. In his work,  Simmel was not towing any well-established theoretical approach but was charting  new territories. Though an academic outsider, he was an engaged public intellectual.
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