density of population

Varies greatly

Varies greatly

Growth rate

Near zero or negative

Varies from a low growth rate to continuing high growth rate (1-2.5)

Fertility

Below replacement level (1.64)

Declining from moderate to low level (3-4)

Mortality

High life expectancy with a difference of 4-7 years between males and females

(above 80 for females)

Low to moderate level of life expectance with less differences between males and females (58-68 for females)

Migration

Emigration often leading to internal reaction against liberal migration policies

Varies. While most countries sending migrants to other countries, several countries are having significant migration of professionals and workers

Average age of population

Going up. Not only proportion of aged is high, among the aged (60+) proportion of more aged (80+) is increasing.

The process of aging is on. Several countries like India have the advantage of opening of demographic window

Income levels

Very high

Low to moderate, with some countries having high income (one ninth of the world income level)

HDI

High

Low to medium

Share in the world population

Decreasing

Increasing

Future predictions

Negative natural growth rate

Low to moderate, yet positive growth rate. Population to stabilize at much higher levels

Population policy

Pronatal–aiming at raising the fertility rate

Antinatal–aiming at reducing the fertility rate

Are policies effective

Not effective or less effective

Difficult to assess as both population policy and improvement in social development are leading to reduction in fertility