A check in the accuracy of traverse observation with length and azimuth considered together can be done by checking the error of closure of the traverse. The error of closure considering both length and azimuth together can be done by using consecutive coordinates of the station points of the traverse. Since, in any closed traverse, the algebraic sum of the departure should be equal to the difference between the X coordinates of the initial and terminating stations of the traverse. Similarly, the algebraic sum of the latitudes should be equal to the difference between the Y coordinates of the initial and terminating stations. Thus, for a n-stations traverse,

X_n - X₁ = S departures -------------- (Equation 29.3)

Y_n - Y₁ = S latitudes -------------- (Equation 29.4)

( X₁ ,Y₁ ) and ( X_n , Y_n ) are the independent coordinates of the initial and terminating stations of the traverse.

In a closed-loop traverse, since the initial and terminating station of the traverse is the same, Eq (29.3) and Eq (29.4) reduces to

S departures = 0 -------------- (Equation 29.5)

S latitudes = 0 -------------- (Equation 2963)

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