The departure and latitude of a station with reference to an origin are known as independent coordinates. The independent coorinate of at least one of the stations with reference to the considered origin is required to be known a priori. Thus, if the independent coordinates of any station, say i, is known to be (X_i, Y_i), the independent coordinates of another station say j, (X_j , Y_j) can be determined by using the following relations:

X_j = X_i + x_ij ------------ (Equation 29.1)

Y_j = Y_i + y_ij ------------ (Equation 29.2)

Where ( x_ij, y_ij) are the departure and latitude of the side ij.

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