In plane surveying, distance between any two points on the surface of the earth means horizontal distance between the points. It is obtained by direct measurement using tape or through direct observation using electronic instrument or computed using observed parameters from optical instruments. The degree of accuracy of measurement depends on the type of instruments and the methods adopted. Systematic errors associated with measurements are corrected using appropriate physical model and random errors are computed using the theory of errors. In order to avoid or minimise errors in measurement necessary precautions need to be taken and proper calibration of instruments needs to be done before use.

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