Figure 5.1 shows a normal or Gaussian distribution of samples of measurement of parameter. Here , represents the mean value of the observed parameter, say the distance between two points. The true value (unknown) can never be found. Thus, mean value best represents its true value. The random error of any observation, says d_i, be e_i which is also not possible to find. But, the variation of the measurement (v_i) from the mean can be found and this approximates the random error.

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