It must be noted that Moody chart covers extremely wide range of flow parameters i.e. diameter of the pipes , fluid density , viscosity and velocities in non-laminar regions of the flow that almost accommodates all applications of pipe flows. In the non-laminar regions of fluid flow, Moody chart can be represented by the empirical equation i.e.
                                            (25)

This equation is called "Colebrook formula" and is valid with 10% accuracy with the graphical data.