Effect of surfaces (curvature) on chemical equilibrium
Surface effects play an important role, especially during a phase change like condensation, evaporation, and solubilization.
Consider a liquid drop in its own vapor (Fig. 4.4).
Fig 4.4:
The equilibrium vapor pressure for flat surface depends on  .
A high  means that there is more tendency for the liquid molecules to escape to vapor phase.
Gibbs-Duhem Equation
Intensive form:
where  is the Degrees of freedom,
If  is any molar property of a mixture the following can be written.
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