The success of DNA microarray also led the development of a similar approach for protein microarrays. Like DNA microarray, the idea was to immobilize proteins in the chips or antibodies against the proteins on the chips and then detect them. However, this success proved to be short-lived and extremely costly. Unlike DNA microarray where a piece of the DNA is immobilized into the chip, in protein microarray the entire proteins needed to be immobilized with its function still intact, or else, if its 3D structure is destroyed it would also destroy the binding site for antibodies for detection. The printing of so many proteins proved to be extremely cumbersome and hence led to the establishment of various forms of protein microarray where instead of proteins the DNA was printed and the protein was translated in situ for detection.