where, is the change in applied load and is the change in strain for or strain gage in the initial linear stress-strain regime. It is suggested that the change in the strain is taken as the average of the change in strains on the both sides of the specimen.
Various modes of failure are seen. The modes are highly dependent upon the microstructure of the material.
Figure 8.12: Two rail shear fixture for shear testing
is the change in applied load and 
is the change in strain for 
or 
strain gage in the initial linear stress-strain regime. It is suggested that the change in the strain is taken as the average of the change in strains on the both sides of the specimen. 
